Neurobiological Technologies, Inc. (NTII) operates under a plan of liquidation and dissolution approved by stockholders in October 2009, following the failure of its lead drug candidate ancrod (Viprinex) in a Phase III trial for ischemic stroke. The company, founded in 1987 and headquartered in Emeryville, California, previously focused on in-licensing and developing investigational biopharmaceuticals for neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, including memantine for neuropathic pain and dementia, which generated royalty payments after licensing to Merz Pharma and Forest Laboratories; corticotropin-releasing factor (Xerecept) for brain tumor edema, outlicensed to Celtic Pharma; dynorphin A for pain management; and ancrod, acquired via Empire Pharmaceuticals in 2004 for stroke treatment. It employed a virtual model outsourcing to contract organizations, targeting markets in the United States and Europe with no active subsidiaries or parent relationships post-dissolution.