Vantage Towers AG, a leading European tower infrastructure company headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany, and founded in 2020 as a Vodafone Group spin-off, operates approximately 84,600 passive network sites across ten countries, with primary markets in Germany, Spain, and Greece; the company constructs, manages, leases, and maintains ground-based towers (GBT), rooftop tower sites (RTT), antenna masts, distributed antenna systems (DAS), small cells, and smart cells for tunnels and buildings, providing in-house fiber cabling, site operations, and maintenance services to mobile network operators, energy suppliers, and IoT providers as a neutral host facilitating multi-tenant sharing. It holds non-operational minority stakes in Italy's INWIT and the UK's Cornerstone tower companies. Delisted from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in May 2023 following its acquisition by Oak Holdings—a joint venture of Vodafone Group, Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), and KKR, in which Vodafone reduced its stake to 44.7% via a €1.3 billion sale of a 10% interest in July 2024—Vantage Towers continues to pursue expansion through build-to-suit programs including 7,100 committed macro sites primarily with Vodafone, evaluates asset sales such as its Spanish portfolio potentially valued at €1 billion with Morgan Stanley's assistance as of September 2025, and accesses financing via a €2 billion U.S. insurance-linked notes issuance in April 2025 rated BBB by Fitch.