Ellington Financial Inc. Financial Ratios — EFC-PB Stock

Profitability (USD)

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Return on Common Equity (%)	2.67	22.15	13.94	8.44	5.03	-2.34	5.49	8.02	8.81	2.31	13.64	-8.4	5.72	9.85	8.66
Return on Assets (%)	0.48	4.72	3.06	1.71	1.1	-0.59	1.26	1.34	1.39	0.65	3.11	-0.73	0.57	0.92	0.82
Return on Capital (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Return on Invested Capital (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Gross Margin (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
EBITDA Margin (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Operating Margin (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Incremental Operating Margin (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Pretax Margin (%)	64.46	94.41	91.47	82.46	72.71	-806.47	66.36	65.31	64.03	5.18	70.19	-57.87	34.78	41.2	31.94
Profit Margin (%)	64.46	94.41	90.51	81.38	72.07	-822.14	62.7	61.08	68.03	71.14	109.43	-162.35	32.78	51.69	47.92
Net Income to Common Margin (%)	64.46	94.41	90.51	81.38	72.07	-822.14	62.7	61.08	66.31	49.06	102.78	-197.79	23.74	41.87	38.74
Effective Tax Rate (%)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2.86	624.77	3.67	- -	0.51	0.53	3.87
Dvd Payout Ratio (%)	410.4	48.8	114.8	142.35	215.28	-423.12	151.89	95.47	78.93	238.76	55.61	-123.9	183.99	110.75	122.88
Sustainable Growth Rate (%)	-8.28	11.34	-2.06	-3.57	-5.8	-12.23	-2.85	0.36	1.86	-3.21	6.05	-18.8	-4.8	-1.06	-1.98

Credit (USD)

Credit Ratios API ChatGPT

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Total Debt	896	907	1,237	1,670	1,174	1,058	1,477	1,996	3,275	2,388	3,636	12,405	13,334	14,204	16,964
ST Debt	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
LT Debt	896	907	1,237	1,670	1,174	1,058	1,477	1,996	3,275	2,388	3,636	12,405	13,334	14,204	16,964
Total Debt/EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Net Debt/EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Total Debt/EBIT	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Net Debt/EBIT	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EBITDA to Interest Expense	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EBITDA-CapEx/Interest Expense	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EBIT to Interest Expense	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Interest Expense	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Common Equity/Total Assets	18.85	23.53	20.85	19.82	24.47	26.42	20.05	14.2	16.56	22.68	20.56	6.88	7.58	7.59	7.76
Long-Term Debt/Equity (%)	241.62	179.13	197.61	211.81	158.9	164.04	237.87	335.35	377.04	259.17	274.74	1,016.03	868.31	892.9	906.58
Long-Term Debt/Capital (%)	70.73	64.17	66.4	67.93	61.37	62.13	70.4	77.03	79.04	72.16	73.31	91.04	89.67	89.93	90.07
Long-Term Debt/Total Assets (%)	45.54	42.15	41.58	42.33	39.25	43.83	49.35	50.26	75.5	69.96	70.23	88.06	87.06	87.05	87.65
Total Debt/Equity (%)	241.62	179.13	197.61	211.81	158.9	164.04	237.87	335.35	377.04	259.17	274.74	1,016.03	868.31	892.9	906.58
Total Debt/Capital (%)	70.73	64.17	66.4	67.93	61.37	62.13	70.4	77.03	79.04	72.16	73.31	91.04	89.67	89.93	90.07
Total Debt/Total Assets (%)	45.54	42.15	41.58	42.33	39.25	43.83	49.35	50.26	75.5	69.96	70.23	88.06	87.06	87.05	87.65
Net Debt to Equity	-16.91	-11.4	-29.15	-14.38	-24.89	-15.38	35.52	76.02	87.23	-12.11	-7	-17.78	-14.91	-12.09	-10.79
Net Debt/Capital (%)	-5.21	-4.26	-10.87	-4.84	-10.64	-6.28	10.75	17.77	18.61	-3.49	-1.9	-1.62	-1.56	-1.23	-1.08
EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EBITDA-CapEx	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Operating Income (Loss)	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -

Liquidity (USD)

Liquidity Ratios API ChatGPT

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Cash Ratio	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Current Ratio	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Quick Ratio	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
CFO/Avg Current Liab	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Common Equity/Total Assets	18.85	23.53	20.85	19.82	24.47	26.42	20.05	14.2	16.56	22.68	20.56	6.88	7.58	7.59	7.76
Long-Term Debt/Equity (%)	241.62	179.13	197.61	211.81	158.9	164.04	237.87	335.35	377.04	259.17	274.74	1,016.03	868.31	892.9	906.58
Long-Term Debt/Capital (%)	70.73	64.17	66.4	67.93	61.37	62.13	70.4	77.03	79.04	72.16	73.31	91.04	89.67	89.93	90.07
Long-Term Debt/Total Assets (%)	45.54	42.15	41.58	42.33	39.25	43.83	49.35	50.26	75.5	69.96	70.23	88.06	87.06	87.05	87.65
Total Debt/Equity (%)	241.62	179.13	197.61	211.81	158.9	164.04	237.87	335.35	377.04	259.17	274.74	1,016.03	868.31	892.9	906.58
Total Debt/Capital (%)	70.73	64.17	66.4	67.93	61.37	62.13	70.4	77.03	79.04	72.16	73.31	91.04	89.67	89.93	90.07
Total Debt/Total Assets (%)	45.54	42.15	41.58	42.33	39.25	43.83	49.35	50.26	75.5	69.96	70.23	88.06	87.06	87.05	87.65
CFO/Total Liabilities	-2.97	-3.12	-10.4	-19.14	29.04	3.94	-19.51	-14.64	2.28	4.8	1.33	0.33	-1.76	-2.92	-5.29
CFO/CapEx	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Altman's Z-Score	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.02	- -	0.02	0.02	-0.01	-0.05	0.22	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.08

Working Capital (USD)

Working Capital Ratios API ChatGPT

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Accounts Receivable Turnover	2.66	17.37	13.83	5.3	2.57	0.09	2.11	2.27	4.52	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Days Sales Outstanding	137.1	21.01	26.4	68.88	141.77	3,950.7	173.06	160.88	80.74	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Inventory Turnover	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Days Inventory Outstanding	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Accounts Payable Turnover	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Accounts Payable Turnover Days	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Cash Conversion Cycle	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Inventory to Cash Days	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Inventories	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Raw Materials	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Work In Process	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Finished Goods	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Other Inventory	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -

Enterprise Value (USD)

Enterprise Value API ChatGPT

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Market Capitalization	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1,451	1,121	1,631	2,096	2,634
- Cash & Cash Equivalents	63	59	183	114	184	123	47	45	72	112	93	217	229	192	202
+ Preferred Equity and Hybrid Capital	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	111	111	227	227	356	332	332
+ Minority/Non Controlling Interest	- -	- -	6	6	7	7	21	31	39	36	32	25	19	20	37
+ Total Debt	896	907	1,237	1,670	1,174	1,058	1,477	1,996	3,275	2,388	3,636	12,405	13,334	14,204	16,964
Enterprise Value	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	5,254	13,560	15,110	16,461	19,764
Total Capital	1,267	1,413	1,863	2,459	1,913	1,702	2,098	2,591	4,144	3,310	4,960	13,626	14,870	15,795	18,835
Total Debt/Capital (%)	70.73	64.17	66.4	67.93	61.37	62.13	70.4	77.03	79.04	72.16	73.31	91.04	89.67	89.93	90.07
Total Debt / EV	1.08	1.07	1.17	1.07	1.18	1.12	1.02	1.01	0.98	0.99	0.69	0.91	0.88	0.86	0.86
EV/Sales	52.02	8.24	12.21	21.49	18.87	483.57	26.77	25.94	39.38	68.97	43.08	314.28	58.91	58.33	64.48
EV/EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBIT	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/Cash Flow to Firm	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.52	13.51	- -	- -	42.32	20.29	102.43	317.68	- -	- -	- -
EV/Free Cash Flow to Firm	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.52	13.51	- -	- -	42.32	20.29	102.43	317.68	- -	- -	- -
Diluted Market Cap	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Diluted Enterprise Value	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	3,803	12,440	13,479	14,364	17,131
EV per Share	50.67	41.63	41.66	46.71	30.1	29.15	46.3	66.54	86.77	55.37	91.43	212.51	182.05	181.53	174.69
TTM Sales	16	103	87	73	53	2	54	76	85	35	122	43	257	282	307
TTM EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
TTM Operating Income	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
TTM Cash Flow to Firm	-47	-51	-244	-604	654	70	-463	-494	79	120	51	43	-242	-431	-925
TTM Free Cash Flow to Firm	-47	-51	-244	-604	654	70	-463	-494	79	120	51	43	-242	-431	-925

Multiples (USD)

Valuation Multiples API ChatGPT

	2011 Y	2012 Y	2013 Y	2014 Y	2015 Y	2016 Y	2017 Y	2018 Y	2019 Y	2020 Y	2021 Y	2022 Y	2023 Y	2024 Y	2025 Y
As of date	12/31/2011	12/31/2012	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023	12/31/2024	12/31/2025

Price/Free Cash Flow	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBIT	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Enterprise Value	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	5,254	13,560	15,110	16,461	19,764
Low Price	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	23.92	16.14	17.1	19.7	20.3
EV/Sales	52.02	8.24	12.21	21.49	18.87	483.57	26.77	25.94	39.38	68.97	43.08	314.28	58.91	58.33	64.48
EV/EBITDA	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Earnings	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Earnings Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Earnings High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Earnings Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Book Value	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.36	1.16	1.4	1.69	1.75
Price/Book Value Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.37	1.39	1.38	1.58	1.74
Price/Book Value High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.39	1.77	1.52	1.74	1.82
Price/Book Value Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.29	1.06	1.22	1.44	1.53
Price/Tangible Book Value	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.36	1.17	1.44	1.73	1.79
Price/Tangible Book Value Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.37	1.4	1.41	1.62	1.78
Price/Tangible Book Value High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.39	1.78	1.56	1.78	1.86
Price/Tangible Book Value Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1.29	1.07	1.25	1.48	1.56
Price/Sales	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Sales Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Sales High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Sales Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Cash Flow	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Cash Flow Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Cash Flow High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Cash Flow Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Free Cash Flow Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Free Cash Flow High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Price/Free Cash Flow Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/Sales Average	52.02	8.24	12.21	21.49	18.87	483.57	26.77	25.94	39.38	68.97	43.11	319.52	58.79	57.83	64.43
EV/Sales High	52.02	8.24	12.21	21.49	18.87	483.57	26.77	25.94	39.38	68.97	43.29	327.98	59.45	58.54	64.82
EV/Sales Low	52.02	8.24	12.21	21.49	18.87	483.57	26.77	25.94	39.38	68.97	42.45	312.18	58.08	57.23	63.38
EV/EBITDA Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBITDA High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBITDA Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBIT Average	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBIT High	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EV/EBIT Low	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Last Price	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	25.25	17.56	19.65	23.12	23.28
High Price	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	25.71	26.82	21.31	23.75	24.2
Enterprise Value Average	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	5,257	13,786	15,079	16,318	19,749
Enterprise Value High	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	5,280	14,151	15,248	16,518	19,869
Enterprise Value Low	833	848	1,059	1,562	997	942	1,451	1,983	3,353	2,424	5,177	13,470	14,898	16,151	19,427

Shares Outstanding	16	20	25	33	33	32	31	30	39	44	57	64	83	91	113
Diluted Weighted Avg Shares	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Basic Weighted Avg Shares	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Revenue per Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
EBITDA per Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Operating Income per Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Basic EPS, GAAP	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Basic EPS from Cont Ops	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Diluted EPS, GAAP	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Diluted EPS from Cont Ops	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Dividend per Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Cash Flow per Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Free Cash Flow per Basic Share	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Cash & Equivalents per Share	3.81	2.9	7.22	3.41	5.55	3.82	1.51	1.5	1.87	2.55	1.61	3.4	2.76	2.12	1.78
Book Value per Share	22.55	24.86	24.4	23.38	22.1	19.75	19.15	18.92	18.58	17.68	18.52	15.18	13.99	13.66	13.28
Tangible Book Value per Share	22.55	24.86	24.4	23.38	22.1	19.75	19.15	18.92	18.58	17.68	18.52	15.05	13.64	13.33	13.02

Ellington Financial Inc.

Profitability (USD)

Credit (USD)

Liquidity (USD)

Working Capital (USD)

Enterprise Value (USD)

Multiples (USD)

Per Share Data Items (USD)